Banyamulenge self-defence militia of the South Kivu Hauts Plateaux (Minembwe). Led by ex-FARDC Col. Michel Rukunda ‘Makanika’ until his death in a drone strike in Feb 2025; aligned with AFC/M23 since 2024-25 and now with the FRN. Broke the FARDC–Burundi–Wazalendo front in Fizi in Jan 2026 (SOS Médias Burundi).
Leader(s): (Makanika killed Feb 2025)
Origin: DR Congo (Banyamulenge)
Area of operation: South Kivu
Relationships
- Allied with: AFC
- Allied with: FRN
- Allied with: M23
- Allied with: Gumino
- Fights: Wazalendo
- Fights: Burundi (FDNB)
- Fights: Mai-Mai Biloze Bishambuke
- Fights: RED-Tabara
Referenced by
- AFC (Ally / member)
- FRN (Allied with)
- Gumino (Allied with)
- M23 (Allied with)
- Mai-Mai Biloze Bishambuke (Fights)
- RED-Tabara (Fights)
- Rwanda (RDF) (Accused of backing)